The solid-state revolution arrived in 1977 when Bally shipped Freedom, one of the first mass-market pinball machines to replace Electromechanical relays with a microprocessor. The shift was seismic. Scores climbed into the millions, then the billions, as software freed designers from the physical constraints of relay logic. Speech synthesis gave machines voices. Alpha-Numeric displays replaced mechanical Score Reels, and Dot Matrix Display displays followed, opening the playfield to animation, humor, and cinematic storytelling.

Multiball. Wizard modes. Stacking rules of bewildering depth. Video modes, light shows, licensed themes drawn from Hollywood blockbusters. None of this would have been conceivable in relay logic. Williams and Bally dominated the 1980s and 1990s with titles — The Addams Family, Twilight Zone, Medieval Madness — whose rule sheets rewarded years of study and whose high scores were measured in billions of points.

The solid-state era did not end — it is still unfolding. Today’s machines descend directly from this digital lineage, their logic traced in thousands of lines of code rather than hundreds of relay contacts, their displays now full LCD Screen screens, their sound systems rivaling a home theater. The microprocessor that arrived in 1977 is still at the heart of every machine built today.